Though this was the final time that Mary and Knox would encounter one another face-to-face, it was not the final time that Knox managed to infuriate her. Of course, his preaching continued to do that on a regular basis, and during the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1564, Knox reiterated the right of subjects to take up arms against ungodly rulers as the instruments of God’s vengeance upon them.6 As we will see, not many years later, as Mary’s life and reign disintegrated into chaos,